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20 settembre zz The Origin of Words and Names最近在玩Stumpleupon，发现了不少有意思的网站，这就是一个：http://www.krysstal.com/wordname.html Where Words Come FromThe English language has developed from an Anglo-Saxon base of common words: household words, parts of the body, common animals, natural elements, most pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and auxiliary verbs. Other modern words in English have developed from five sources. These are discussed below.
Words Created From NothingExamples of words that have just appeared in the language out of nothing are byte, dog (replacing the earlier hund), donkey, jam, kick, log, quasar, googol, and yuppie. The latter is an acronym (a word made from its initials).Shakespere coined over 1600 words including countless, critical, excellent, lonely, majestic, obscene. From Ben Johnson we got damp, from Isaac Newton centrifugal and from Thomas More: explain and exact.
Words Created In ErrorThe vegetable pease was thought to be a plural so that the individual item in the pod was given the name pea. The verb laze was erroneously created from the adjective lazy. The word buttonhole was a mis-hearing of button-hold.
Borrowed and Adopted WordsEnglish has borrowed words from a variety of sources and other languages. Three examples show this.
OrangeThe name of the fruit was NARANJ in Sanskrit. This language was spoken in ancient India. Indians traded with Arabs, so the word passed into Arabic as NARANJAH. The Spaniards were ruled by north African Arabs who passed the fruit and word into Spanish as NARANJA (pronounced as NARANHA).This came into English where the fruit was a NARANJ. Words ending in J are not common in English so the spelling quickly changed to a NARANGE. The initial N moved to the a because of mis-hearing to give an ARANGE (this is called metanalysis). Over time, the initial A became an O to give an ORANGE.
ChocolateWhen the Spanish arrived in Mexico they came across the Aztecs. The Aztec language is called Nahuatl. The Aztecs had a drink which they made from a bean they called CHOCO (bitter). They would put this bean into water (ATL) to produce CHOCO-ATL (bitter water).The TL sound is common in the Aztec language but not in Spanish. The Spaniards inserted an A between the T and L and pronounced the drink CHOCOLATO. This drink was brought to Europe (with sugar added) where the pronunciation and spelling in English became CHOCOLATE.
AlgebraThis is a mathematical term. It comes from Arabic.Mohammad al-Khwarizmi was a mathematician who flourished in Baghdad around the year 800. He wrote a book about the solving of equations. It was called ilm al-jabr wa'l muqabalah (the science of transposition and cancellation). The term al-jabr from this title gave the English word, ALGEBRA.
CheckmateThis is a term in chess. It is from the Farsi language spoken in Iran and Afghanistan. The original phrase is SHAH-K-MATE (every syllable pronounced) which means "The King is Dead".The word SHAH means a "king" as in the last monarch (or SHAH) of Iran. MATE has the same root as the English "murder" and the Spanish "matador" (killer). The word came via French (where the SH became a CH) and into English where the MA-TE (two syllables) became MATE (one syllable) to give CHECKMATE.
Changes In WordsMany words used in modern English have changed their meaning over the years. This is shown in the table below.
The word silly meant blessed or happy in the 11th century going through pious, innocent, harmless, pitiable, feeble, feeble minded before finally ending up as foolish or stupid. Pretty began as crafty then changed via clever, skilfully made, fine to beautiful. Buxom began with the meaning obedient and changed via compliant, lively, plump to large breasted. The word nice meant stupid and foolish in the late 13th Century. It went through a number of changes including wanton, extravagant, elegant, strange, modest, thin, and shy. By the middle of the 18th Century it had gained its current meaning of pleasant and agreeable. Words are changing meaning now: consider how the words bad and gay have changed in recent years.
Words Created By Subtraction Or AdditionWords can be created by adding suffixes: -able, -ness, -ment. They can also be created by adding prefixes: dis-, anti-.Examples include: sellable, brightness, pavement, disestablish, antimatter. Words can be combined to form new words (air and port gave airport; land and mark to give landmark). Sometimes the combination can go in more than one way (houseboat, boathouse; bookcase, casebook). Many common words have been shortened from the original term as in the table below.
Metanalysis is the process where a letter is added or subtracted because of a nearby word. Examples below.
13 maggio 公车狂想曲 沧石线实在是很奇妙的车子。
游走于家和学校之间，这一年来和沧石线有了“亲密接触”。乘公车最可叹可恶的事情莫过于，以百米冲刺的速度杀向汽车站，发觉车门在你面前轻轻绝情地关上，载走了我的不甘，留下了它的二氧化硫……好不容易大发慈悲又开了门，得到的是一句“XXX调头——老天，我要到终点站。然后，就是等待，漫长而又无聊的20分钟，看一辆辆720在面前呼啸而过。
沧石线的拥挤程度是非常诡异的。想像一下，等待了20分钟，奋平生之勇力挂上了车门，一点一点地挪到了车厢里，然后在一片脑壳的空隙中看见后一班车空荡荡的绝尘而去……这情形怎一个“郁闷”了得！由此带来的一个“特产”就是“车中君子”，本人的手机就作了贡献了。当然，一旦关门等警察了，“君子”们也只能喝茶去了。
看到有关北京使用一卡通的新闻有感，故为文。
08 maggio 整理版下载——明朝的那些事儿 天涯上有位医生KK做了个合集，文章到4月30日为止的。原下载地址是http://cluster1.gbaopan.com/Gbaopan.Web.Personal/GCard.aspx?uid=146760。我自己又作了一个分流，在http://pickup.mofile.com/1811779622742452，各位有兴趣可以下载看看。 05 maggio 南翔小笼行 趁着黄金周去了一次古猗园，当然除了这个“上海五大园林之一”之外，值得期待的就只是正宗的南翔小笼了。
记忆中是很好吃的地方，但是去了之后却是大失所望。人实在是那个多，好不容易在圆桌子旁边找个座，又要去排十几人的队拿小笼。排队倒是很快，几乎是一眨眼就到了；开始还很开心，想这个正宗老店的效率还真的高。开吃之后就有点不对头了，南翔小笼（鲜肉的）没有什么汤汁，包子尖有一点老，比嘉定城里遍布的小笼馆子似乎还差一些。看来真的是“小笼”“馒头”……隐约想起了传言，说是现在古猗园的小笼都是速冻的蒸出来的。
又点了一笼蟹粉的，这个好一些；本人吃相不好，直弄得汁水四溅。味道的话也说不出有怎么样好，淡淡的有一股蟹粉的味道。 实在是失望，正宗的南翔馒头成了这样了，让人长叹啊。
01 maggio 助教趣闻2 这学期做的是师兄执教的数据结构大平台的助教，所谓大平台者，就是我们学院一届学生都要学的课，这个效果就可想而知了。想当年数据结构我们是每周4节课，上了一年；而现在则是平均每周三节课，一个学期。听闻上学期期中考试，有人编程题一道没做，却在卷子上洋洋洒洒为文，大吐苦水，令改卷子的各位叹为观止。
这学期的小朋友们似乎要认真一些，我去上了几次习题课上座率也有一半——听闻严蔚敏（计算机的同志们应该知道吧？不知道的面壁思过去……）上课时也不过这么多人——虽然有人一看见我这助教就背着包走人的，实在令人伤心啊。
不过这认真映射在上座率上也就是从30%上升到了50%，所以我师兄下定决心要点一次名，召唤一些人气。当然，我们这点名和政治课不同，政治课是拿个花名册从头念到底，这实在是太没有效率了；师兄就当堂布置了一道课堂作业，以此统计人数。然而这收上来的“作业”实在是五花八门：有若干位同志用的纸张非常的类似，都是豆腐干的一块，我研究了半天，怎么看怎么觉得字迹也很象；在女生交的一堆作业里和在男生交的一堆作业里，都出现了某位同学的芳名……估计人缘不错。最最奇怪的是，有一位同志写自己的学号是50503490~~，注意，这个~~就是他的原文，我汗~~。然后我在名单中愣是没有找到这位同志，遇见了这个灵异事件，我大汗~~。
我们从前没有这么发指的吧？
28 aprile 强烈推荐：明朝的那些事儿 这一阵子一直在天涯的煮酒上潜水，看到这一篇可以算是明史中的精华，是煮酒的第一热贴。作者当年明月（开帖时用的名字是“就是这样吗”）从元末写起，自称要写到明末，现在刚说到了蓝玉案。下面摘引一些，原链接在此。
24 aprile zt 《三国志·步幸传》 [马伯庸]在天涯上看到有人转了这样一篇帖子，喷饭不止，故贴之。
P.S. 读出声来味道更好。
《三国志·步幸传》 [马伯庸]
步幸字道梅，冀州邺城人也。本为良家子。中平初，黄巾大起，幸随大方首领马元义，为筹划事。元义聚众数万于邺，期三月五日举兵。未发，元义弟子唐周密报于朝廷，事败，元义伏诛。幸亡归张角。 三十六方黄巾俱起，天下响震。张角以四方有事，遣幸往援南阳张曼成。幸甫至，适南阳太守秦颉进剿，曼成寻败死。众推曼成副将赵弘为督，据宛以自保。幸说弘曰：“固守不佳，久必成困，未若乘夜以勇士冲之，敌必惊溃。”弘从其计，轻军袭营，为流矢所伤，半旬而亡。弘副将韩忠继执帅印，以幸为谋主。十月，忠没于军中，宛城乃陷。 幸往归张角，及至河北，角病死，乃复投张梁。时梁与皇甫嵩战于广宗，幸惩宛城之事，料敌必不敢轻进，梁遂不以为备。嵩潜夜勒兵，乘暮急攻之，阵斩梁并黄巾军三万余级。幸仅以身免，入下曲阳张宝营下。十一月，嵩破下曲阳，宝即就戮。黄巾十数万人 一时俱死，哀声遍野。幸立于败军之地，面色如旧，谈笑如常。嵩见之颇奇，收为幕僚。 明年春，诏嵩回镇长安，以卫园陵。幸随入洛阳，嵩被收左车骑将军印绶，削户六千。 灵帝崩，少帝即位。何进谋诛阉官，广选人才，嵩进幸，进授以军司马职。未几，黄门常侍段珪杀进，俘幸等僚属百余人为质，缚于掖庭。幸急曰：“吾，黄巾旧部也，非大将军嫡属。” 珪等久居内闱，不通治戎，遂着幸执掌宫门宿卫。 是夜，袁术虎贲鼓噪于外，袁绍勒兵大进，宫内大乱。珪等挟帝并陈留王走小平津，幸随驾左右。后珪等窘顿无路，投水而死，幸扶幼帝、陈留王欲回宫，闇暝，逐萤火而行。行至北芒，董卓军至。 及归殿，帝恐董卓强横，密遣幸召执金吾丁原入京，以为制衡。幸携密诏至丁原军中，卓已杀原。幸归见帝，具叙其情，帝泣曰：“此天欲亡朕耶？”幸长跪谓帝：“臣愿为陛下羽翼，必不使太阿倒持，神鼎旁落也！”帝引为亲信。 俄董卓废帝，杀之，又欲杀幸。陈留王时已践祚，念幸有北芒扶持之功，因劝卓曰：“朕初登大宝，见杀不祥。”遂赦幸，除太子舍人，看守东宫。 董卓暴虐，京城多为其病，百官敢怒而不敢言。有城门校尉伍琼，夜来说幸：“董卓乱国僭尊，败德蔑礼，虽古之王莽比之亦蔑如。公既为二帝亲随，当共我诛戮奸贼，使帝室重光也。”幸从其言。越明日，琼着小铠，暗佩利刃，欲伺刺卓；幸恰有疾，未能同往，琼遂不敌卓，终为其所杀。 幸本雅士，好音律，素与蔡邕相善。三年三月，邕荐幸于卓，卓大喜，擢幸府内署事。三年四月，王允、士孙瑞、吕布等杀卓。邕见卓死，有嗟叹之语，允不善其言，欲诛之。幸等上书诤谏，力劝不可，允遂杀邕。幸收其骸骨，立牌谨祀之。允见幸行止端方，重义守礼，又熟于戎事，即补入吕布军中，为前部司马李肃主薄。 肃与卓婿牛辅战于陕，肃大败，见诛。布知幸短于谋略，然虑其为王允所荐，责之不宜，遂令其退归长安，不复领兵，专司安抚京民。 李傕、郭汜等用贾诩计，逆攻长安，布不能守，败逃河内，允死。关西将纵兵大略，京民悉为残杀，万无余一。幸求计于贾诩，诩曰：“傕、汜，匹夫耳，不能长久；帝虽幼弱，终是尊上。”幸乃悟，转投尚书令士孙瑞。 侍中马宇与谏议大夫种邵、左中郎将刘范等谋，欲使马腾袭长安，己为内应，以诛傕等。瑞使幸密会腾，迩后樊稠败腾于长平观。宇、幸等奔槐里，稠又急攻，宇等皆死。幸自言为彼等裹挟，非出本意。稠信之，释其归京。 兴平二年，傕、汜相攻，帝携百官出新丰，幸并士孙瑞随驾。杨奉来迎，大败，瑞死于乱军。幸感时事艰辛，又闻先主贤名，颇思奔徐州。 及至徐州，幸谒先主，喜曰：“真吾主也。”先主授幸别部司马，张飞守下邳。数日之间，吕布亦至。先主征袁术，布乘虚袭下邳，虏先主妻子与幸。布素恶幸，遂放归先主。先主还驻小沛，使幸纠合军卒，复合万余人。布疑而攻之，卒哗乱四溃，先主败投太祖。 太祖遣夏侯惇助先主，先主以幸为先导。道遇布将高顺，惇败，右目为流矢所伤，顺复虏先主妻子与幸。太祖将大众亲征，布震恐，幸诓之曰：“吾与袁公路有旧，往去说，必救。”布赍千金，幸携之出。 幸迷途于道，辗转于徐、扬之间近一岁，终遇袁术于灊山，术病死。会先主奔南皮，幸闻之，欣然诣袁绍。及至，幸问左右：“袁公麾下，何者最贤？”对曰：“田元皓。”幸访田丰，相谈甚欢，砥足竟夜。次日，丰闻绍欲之南，恳谏再三，绍不听，械系之。 绍军大出，幸先至白马，颜良身死；又转津南济军，文丑寻亡。或说绍曰：幸其人也，命主克将，不宜置陈前。”绍深感其然，使幸归守乌巢，为辎重事。印绶未解，太祖袭乌巢，绍众大败。幸纠合残卒，登高曰：“势已至此，归亦九死，不若早降曹公，必蒙厚遇。”众皆信服，俱南向降曹。太祖疑有伪，尽坑之。 临刑之际，幸大呼：“幸不降也，为军所执耳！”太祖怜其忠义，赦之。后沮授为人所执，亦大呼：“授不降也，为军所执耳！”太祖叹曰：“君出言类于步幸，其不为谶乎？”放归袁绍，见杀。 幸归许县，帝见故人，挥袖流涕，曰：“朕有今日，卿功大焉。”太祖仍以幸为太子舍人，侍帝左右。数年间无事，惟汉室日蹙。 十二年，太祖欲征北郡乌丸，问计于郭嘉。嘉深通有算略，劝公出，又密召幸，屏退左右，曰：“曹公即往北征，公宜早行，伪投乌丸，则我军胜矣。”幸踟躇不决，嘉再三逼之，乃从。嘉甚喜，携幸北上，军至柳城，嘉病笃。 幸素知太祖惜郭嘉，恐其迁怒于己，南逃刘表。十三年，幸终至荆州，而刘表病死。时先主在新野，幸因往附。曹纯督虎豹骑猛进，大获其辎重，先主遁汉津，幸又被俘。众进言太祖：“留幸不祥，不若杀之，以杜后患。”太祖从其言，斩幸于赤壁北营，祭旗出征。 疫病大起，北军多死，太祖烧船自退。数年间，孙、刘遂有二州。 臣寿言：“数奇，不敢多言。” |
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